<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss version="2.0"
	xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"
	xmlns:wfw="http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/"
	xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
	xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"
	xmlns:sy="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/syndication/"
	xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/"
	>

<channel>
	<title>厌恶 &#8211; 神经现实</title>
	<atom:link href="https://neu-reality.com/tag/%E5%8E%8C%E6%81%B6/feed/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>https://neu-reality.com</link>
	<description>包罗心智万象</description>
	<lastBuildDate>Fri, 18 Oct 2024 00:02:39 +0000</lastBuildDate>
	<language>zh-Hans</language>
	<sy:updatePeriod>
	hourly	</sy:updatePeriod>
	<sy:updateFrequency>
	1	</sy:updateFrequency>
	<generator>https://wordpress.org/?v=6.7.5</generator>

<image>
	<url>https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/WechatIMG26-32x32.png</url>
	<title>厌恶 &#8211; 神经现实</title>
	<link>https://neu-reality.com</link>
	<width>32</width>
	<height>32</height>
</image> 
<site xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">129117731</site>	<item>
		<title>太脏也会“猫厌狗嫌”？</title>
		<link>https://neu-reality.com/2023/05/disgust-evolution/</link>
					<comments>https://neu-reality.com/2023/05/disgust-evolution/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Katherine J. Wu]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 03 May 2023 10:07:57 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[认知科学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[厌恶]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://neu-reality.com/?p=10004582</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[你能想象吗？厌恶广泛存在于自然界中。]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2 class="has-medium-font-size wp-block-heading">简介 /&nbsp;Introduction</h2><p class="has-background" style="background-color:#3ed6c4fa;font-size:16px">当猕猴不小心踩进了粪堆里，想象一下它会如何应对？在我们的想象中，动物或许没有那么爱干净，也不会有什么厌恶或者恶心的反应。可某只日本偏僻小岛上的猕猴看到她沾上粪便的脚就飞快地跑开了，在一棵树前不停地蹭，直到那股令“猴”反感的味道消失。先前人们总把“厌恶”看作一种对自身所厌恶之事物的觉察，是人之独特性所在，但它也可以是一种演化而来的行为，而且越来越多的观察和实验发现，这种行为竟可能在动物界普遍存在。由病菌驱使的厌恶反应从演化的角度来说有重要的意义——帮助动物远离疾病。并且，这样的反应和倾向不仅可以是天生的，也可以通过后天习得。</p><figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" src="https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-92-1024x576.png" alt="" class="wp-image-10004583" srcset="https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-92-1024x576.png 1024w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-92-770x433.png 770w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-92-20x11.png 20w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-92-385x217.png 385w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-92.png 1080w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure><p class="has-text-align-center" style="font-size:12px">&#8211;&nbsp;Sergey Taran / Alamy&nbsp;&#8211;</p><p style="font-size:16px">11年前，在偏远的日本小岛幸岛上，一只雌性猕猴不小心在倒退时踩到了灵长类动物的粪便。低头瞥了一眼自己的脚后，她异常抓狂。这只猕猴迅速跑开，用干净的三只脚疾奔向海边，身后沙土飞扬。最后她来到一棵枯树前，在这里“反复蹭自己的脚，检查脚的气味，直到黏糊糊的脏东西全部消失”。</p><p style="font-size:16px">香港大学的认知生态学家塞西尔·萨拉比安（Cécile Sarabian）目睹了事件的全过程。当时萨拉比安还是一名研究灵长类动物间寄生虫传播的研究生，猕猴踩到粪便后的惊慌、反感、对清洁的强烈渴望，让她产生了极大的兴趣。因为这幅画面是如此熟悉——如果她自己或其他人意外踩到粪便，也一定会是这种反应。</p><p style="font-size:16px">在之后的几年里，萨拉比安逐渐认识到，猕猴的慌乱反应是一种厌恶。只是这种厌恶不同于很多人直觉上对“厌恶”一词的理解。数十年来，厌恶一直被认为是一种对本体所讨厌之事物的自我意识，是人类独有的一种原始情绪，甚至有人主张它也许可以帮助定义人类自己<sup>[1]</sup>。</p><p style="font-size:16px">但是，包含萨拉比安在内的许多科学家更支持<sup>[2]</sup>对厌恶的广义理解<sup>[3]</sup>：<strong>厌恶是帮助生物体避开病原体、寄生虫、以及携带两者的动植物和物质的一系列行为。</strong>这种极度反感的滋味集中表现为外显的行为，而非一种意识思维。<strong>它可能在远古时期已广泛存在，而不是现代才出现或为人类所独有。</strong>厌恶可能是与传染病同时出现的，并且与后者同样普遍。</p><figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="1024" src="https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-93-1024x1024.png" alt="" class="wp-image-10004584" srcset="https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-93-1024x1024.png 1024w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-93-300x300.png 300w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-93-150x150.png 150w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-93-770x770.png 770w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-93-20x20.png 20w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-93-385x385.png 385w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-93.png 1080w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure><p class="has-text-align-center" style="font-size:12px">&#8211;&nbsp;Selene Guzmán Yarce&nbsp;&#8211;</p><p style="font-size:16px">研究者们还不能确定，疾病引起的厌恶一定是普遍存在的。但到目前为止，“在所有我们试图寻找厌恶的地方，它都出现了”，弗吉尼亚理工大学生态学家达纳·霍利（Dana Hawley）说道。倭黑猩猩丝毫不考虑粪便附近的香蕉片<sup>[4]</sup>。科学家也曾看到猩猩妈妈给猩猩宝宝擦屁股<sup>[5]</sup>。袋鼠会远离沾有排泄物<sup>[6]</sup>的草地。犬羚，一种重约4.5千克的尖脸羚羊，会将粪便隔离在粪丘里，这可能是为了避免粪便污染<sup>[7]</sup>它们不大的领地。池塘里的牛蛙蝌蚪会避开长满真菌<sup>[8]</sup>的同伴，龙虾也会在致命的病毒爆发期间避开拥挤的巢穴<sup>[9]</sup>。线虫，一种不到一毫米长的无脊椎生物，当它们发现食物被有害微生物污染时，也会扭动身体离开<sup>[10]</sup>。即使是屎壳郎，它们也会对存在传染病风险的粪便嗤之以鼻<sup>[11]</sup>。</p><p style="font-size:16px">如果厌恶行为在动物世界里普遍存在，那么它应该有着重要的演化意义：防疾病于未然。有关免疫力的讨论往往集中在T细胞、B细胞、抗体和疫苗<sup>[12]</sup>方面，但这些生理防线并非万无一失。</p><p style="font-size:16px">耶鲁大学疾病生态学家瓦妮莎·埃森瓦（Vanessa Ezenwa）认为，相比之下，<strong>在最开始就避免感染的行为是“真正的第一道防线”。</strong>我们会说，恐惧保护了动物，使它们躲开体型更大、力量更强的捕食者。厌恶的作用是类似的，且一直被低估：它使动物远离那些能够潜进身体、从内到外摧毁它们的微小危险因子。埃森瓦告诉我，厌恶可能以某种形式“普遍存在于人类和非人类中间”。</p><figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="1024" src="https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-94-1024x1024.png" alt="" class="wp-image-10004585" srcset="https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-94-1024x1024.png 1024w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-94-300x300.png 300w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-94-150x150.png 150w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-94-770x770.png 770w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-94-20x20.png 20w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-94-385x385.png 385w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-94.png 1080w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure><p class="has-text-align-center" style="font-size:12px">&#8211;&nbsp;Levent Büktel&nbsp;&#8211;</p><p style="font-size:16px">许多动物对恶心事物的反应，无疑会让我们想到人类。当萨拉比安把美味的麦粒放在一堆人造粪便上，并拿给猕猴时，猕猴会躲开食物<sup>[13]</sup>；当饥饿的黑猩猩寻找美味水果时，萨拉比安哄诱黑猩猩触摸潮湿粘手的面团，猩猩明显退缩了，并且不再愿意伸出手来<sup>[14]</sup>。</p><p style="font-size:16px">在萨拉比安最近的一项实验中，一只母猿不过是看到了携带疾病的虫子的照片<sup>[15]</sup>就惊慌异常，转身背对屏幕，直到照片消失才愿意继续参与实验。某些灵长类动物脸上甚至会出现皱起的鼻子和眼睛、抿成一条缝的嘴巴等常见的厌恶表情。萨拉比安告诉我：“这些表情可能能够防止有东西进入口腔、鼻窦和眼睛。”同样，啮齿类动物<sup>[16]</sup>在尝到奎宁的苦味后，似乎也会在一定程度上闭上自己的五官；当老鼠嗅出同类感染的迹象<sup>[17]</sup>时，它们与被恶心到的人类会出现同样的脑区激活。</p><p style="font-size:16px"><strong>如果厌恶有如此长的演化进程，一些卫生倾向很可能已经刻在了DNA里。</strong>刚出生的婴儿不需要上一堂“厌恶课”，他们在尝到苦味时会自然地露出痛苦的表情，张嘴倒抽一口气<sup>[18]</sup>。爱丁堡大学的进化生态学家佩德罗·瓦莱（Pedro Vale）有证据证明，果蝇对致病细菌的回避程度可能是由基因所编码<sup>[19]</sup>。</p><p style="font-size:16px">人类中有爱干净的，也有邋遢一些的，动物也是如此。它们对砂砾和污垢的接受程度有高有低。性别和年龄有时会是造成这种差异的原因。在几个不同物种当中，雌性<sup>[20]</sup>比雄性表现出了更强烈的卫生意识<sup>[21]</sup>，原因可能在于，如果她们被感染，其后代被感染的几率也会更大。年龄的影响可以参见未成年的猴子<sup>[22]</sup>和袋鼠<sup>[23]</sup>，它们会更加重视清洁，因为寄生虫的危害在它们身上更加致命。</p><figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="788" src="https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-95-1024x788.png" alt="" class="wp-image-10004586" srcset="https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-95-1024x788.png 1024w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-95-770x592.png 770w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-95-20x15.png 20w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-95-385x296.png 385w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-95.png 1080w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure><p class="has-text-align-center" style="font-size:12px">&#8211;&nbsp;Anastasiia Tokarieva&nbsp;&#8211;</p><p style="font-size:16px"><strong>但厌恶也可以习得。</strong>德国灵长类动物研究中心的克莱芒丝·波洛特（Clémence Poirotte）和蒙彼利埃进化科学研究所的玛丽·沙尔庞捷（Marie Charpentier）发现，某些山魈（非洲的一种红鼻蓝脸猴<sup>[24]</sup>）在为生病的家人和朋友梳毛时会更加谨慎，而其他山魈在类似情况下并不怎么在意。波洛特告诉我，这种谨慎的倾向似乎与家族中母亲那一脉<sup>[25]</sup>紧密相关，这些猴子的卫生习惯可能继承自它们的母亲。人类似乎在童年时期学会了类似的事情：在学龄前<sup>[26]</sup>，许多孩子并不会因为看到或闻到粪便而感到特别厌恶。似乎是孩子的父母训练出了孩子的厌恶联结，并将其终生固化。</p><p style="font-size:16px"><strong>如果忽视那些引发厌恶的东西，可能会带来很多显而易见的危险。</strong>个体会感染，生病和死亡。家族被摧毁，流行病肆虐，种群数量下降。但许多动物，包括人类在内，并不总是留意那些肮脏之物传达的讯号。多年来，霍利一直试图弄清楚，为什么家雀不会避开得了支原体结膜炎的同伴，这种细菌感染常常是致命的。得病家雀的病症非常明显<sup>[27]</sup>——“眼睛红极了”，霍利告诉我。“患病的鸟看起来很可怕。”然而，这些家雀似乎并不在意，甚至一些雄鸟似乎更喜欢和生病的鸟在一起<sup>[28]</sup>。</p><p style="font-size:16px">不过，或许是因为躲避疾病的成本实在太高了。<strong>尽管“神经兮兮”的这种状态可以起到保护作用，但也会带来不少问题，这可能是如此多的动物似乎会不那么严格遵守甚至打破自身卫生守则的原因。</strong>有时，这可能是出于对卡路里的考虑：幸岛上的猕猴通常不愿食用接触过粪便的麦粒，但仍会试图吞下受粪便污染的花生，这种富含脂肪和能量的食物是它们的最爱<sup>[29]</sup>。</p><figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="724" height="1024" src="https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-96-724x1024.png" alt="" class="wp-image-10004587" srcset="https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-96-724x1024.png 724w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-96-770x1090.png 770w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-96-385x545.png 385w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-96-20x28.png 20w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-96.png 848w" sizes="(max-width: 724px) 100vw, 724px" /></figure><p class="has-text-align-center" style="font-size:12px">&#8211;&nbsp;Dana Jung&nbsp;&#8211;</p><p style="font-size:16px">在其他动物那里，<strong>让它们忽视卫生守则的因素是同伴。</strong>山魈愿意继续为受感染的家庭成员梳理毛发<sup>[30]</sup>；雌鼠<sup>[31]</sup>在健康的求偶者稀少时也会勉为其难地与病鼠交配；吸血蝙蝠是一种在饥饿时会迅速衰弱的生物，它们在疾病爆发期间仍然愿意口对口分享食物<sup>[32]</sup>。此外，人类母亲无疑会觉得脏尿布很恶心<sup>[33]</sup>，但如果那来自自己的孩子，就相对容易忍受。</p><p style="font-size:16px"><strong>选择与受感染的朋友或家人保持关系通常是“一种权衡”</strong>，韦仕敦大学的神经生物学家马丁·卡瓦利斯（Martin Kavaliers）说，“尤其是在野生的自然环境下，所有个体都可能感染某种疾病。”在卫生方面越糙、越喜欢群居<sup>[34]</sup>的动物，可能越容易感染，但它们的社交生活也可能会更加丰富。</p><p style="font-size:16px">人类喜欢把自己看作比其他生物更文明、更高级，但“我不认为动物在任何一点上‘脏’于人类”，田纳西大学诺克斯维尔分校的生物学家塞巴斯蒂安·斯托克迈尔（Sebastian Stockmaier）对我说。北卡罗来纳州立大学的昆虫学家阿拉姆·米卡埃良（Aram Mikaelyan）说：“我们一提到某些动物就觉得它们脏，但其实它们对公共卫生非常积极主动。”受感染的蜜蜂<sup>[35]</sup>会自愿迁徙，以保证其他蜜蜂的安全。蚂蚁会清理<sup>[36]</sup>彼此身上的真菌孢子，把死去蚂蚁的尸体抬出巢穴<sup>[37]</sup>，让厨房远离厕所<sup>[38]</sup>以避免污染食物。白蚁可能会用粪便筑巢，但建筑材料是抗菌的<sup>[36]</sup>，而且它们的建筑方式可以使房屋有良好的通风<sup>[39]</sup>。反观人类，许多人上完厕所后甚至懒得洗手。</p><p style="font-size:16px">米卡埃良告诉我，<strong>人类已经能够很熟练地回避其他生物日常要面对的恶心感了。</strong>我们使用除臭剂掩盖身体的臭味，用香水或香氛让衣服变香。我们还会往家里喷洒空气清新剂，来安慰自己没有经常做应有的清洁。这似乎是一个与亿万年演化所设想的非常不同的系统。而在人类掩盖恶心的东西、推动整个除臭行业发展的同时，其他许多动物都还在坚持它们最熟悉的事情：干脆把恶心的东西拒之门外。</p><h2 class="has-medium-font-size wp-block-heading">后记</h2><p style="font-size:16px"><strong>Haojing：</strong>厌恶反应是行为免疫系统中重要的疾病防御机制。不局限于人类，它也广泛存在于动物世界，并在其中发挥重要作用。除臭行业的发展，让人类有了各种掩盖不干净东西的办法。然而，逐渐对“厌恶”的掩盖和无视，是否与行为免疫系统的进化意义背道而驰？反观动物们依旧坚持将恶心东西拒之门外，或许有的时候，我们需要重新拾起厌恶给予的提示。</p><p style="font-size:16px"><strong>安静虫：</strong>我想，人会不喜欢吃其他人剩下的食物，也是同一个道理？我们的行为比我们想象得要更有依据。</p><p style="font-size:12px"><strong>参考文献</strong></p><p style="font-size:12px">1. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/27/magazine/disgust-science.html</p><p style="font-size:12px">2. Curtis V. A. (2014). Infection-avoidance behaviour in humans and other animals. Trends in immunology, 35(10), 457–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2014.08.006</p><p style="font-size:12px">3. Curtis, V., de Barra, M., &amp; Aunger, R. (2011). Disgust as an adaptive system for disease avoidance behaviour. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 366(1563), 389–401. doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0117</p><p style="font-size:12px">4. http://www.cecilesarabian.com/uploads/4/7/5/3/47534981/sarabian_et_al_2018.pdf</p><p style="font-size:12px">5. Curtis V. A. (2007). A natural history of hygiene. The Canadian journal of infectious diseases &amp; medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale, 18(1), 11–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/749190</p><p style="font-size:12px">6. Coulson, G., Cripps, J. K., Garnick, S., Bristow, V., &amp; Beveridge, I. (2018). Parasite insight: assessing fitness costs, infection risks and foraging benefits relating to gastrointestinal nematodes in wild mammalian herbivores. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 373(1751), 20170197. doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0197</p><p style="font-size:12px">7. Ezenwa, V. O. (2004). Selective Defecation and Selective Foraging: Antiparasite Behavior in Wild Ungulates? Ethology, 110(11), 851–862. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2004.01013.x</p><p style="font-size:12px">8. Kiesecker, J. M., Skelly, D. K., Beard, K. H., &amp; Preisser, E. (1999). Behavioral reduction of infection risk. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96(16), 9165–9168. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.16.9165</p><p style="font-size:12px">9. Butler, M. J., Behringer, D. C., Dolan, T. W., Moss, J., &amp; Shields, J. D. (2015). Behavioral Immunity Suppresses an Epizootic in Caribbean Spiny Lobsters. PLOS ONE, 10(6), e0126374. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0126374</p><p style="font-size:12px">10. Anderson, A., &amp; McMullan, R. (2018). Neuronal and non-neuronal signals regulate Caernorhabditis elegans avoidance of contaminated food . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 373(1751), 20170255. doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0255</p><p style="font-size:12px">11. Mansourian, S., Corcoran, J., Enjin, A., Löfstedt, C., Dacke, M., &amp; Stensmyr, M. C. (2016). Fecal-Derived Phenol Induces Egg-Laying Aversion in Drosophila. Current Biology, 26(20), 2762–2769. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.065</p><p style="font-size:12px">12. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/04/antibody-breakup/618668/</p><p style="font-size:12px">13. http://cecilesarabian.com/uploads/4/7/5/3/47534981/sarabian___macintosh_2015.pdf</p><p style="font-size:12px">14. http://www.cecilesarabian.com/uploads/4/7/5/3/47534981/sarabian_et_al_2017.pdf</p><p style="font-size:12px">15. Sarabian, C., MacIntosh, A., &amp; Adachi, I. (2021). Exploring the effects of disgust-related images on cognition in chimpanzees. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 43. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6415b97q</p><p style="font-size:12px">16. Dolensek, N., Gehrlach, D. A., Klein, A. S., &amp; Gogolla, N. (2020). Facial expressions of emotion states and their neuronal correlates in mice. Science, 368(6486), 89–94. doi:10.1126/science.aaz9468</p><p style="font-size:12px">17. Boillat, M., Challet, L., Rossier, D., Kan, C., Carleton, A., &amp; Rodriguez, I. (2015). The Vomeronasal System Mediates Sick Conspecific Avoidance. Current Biology, 25(2), 251–255. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.11.061</p><p style="font-size:12px">18. Johnson, S. L., Moding, K. J., Grimm, K. J., Flesher, A. E., Bakke, A. J., &amp; Hayes, J. E. (2021). Infant and Toddler Responses to Bitter-Tasting Novel Vegetables: Findings from the Good Tastes Study. The Journal of Nutrition, 151(10), 3240-3252. doi:10.1093/jn/nxab198</p><p style="font-size:12px">19. Romano, V., Lussiana, A., Monteith, K. M., MacIntosh, A. J. J., &amp; Vale, P. F. (2022). Host genetics and pathogen species modulate infection-induced changes in social aggregation behaviour. Biology letters, 18(8), 20220233. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2022.0233</p><p style="font-size:12px">20. Poirotte, C., Sarabian, C., Ngoubangoye, B., MacIntosh, A. J. J., &amp; Charpentier, M. (2019). Faecal avoidance differs between the sexes but not with nematode infection risk in mandrills. Animal Behaviour, 149, 97–106. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.01.013</p><p style="font-size:12px">21. Poirotte, C., &amp; Kappeler, P. M. (2019). Hygienic personalities in wild grey mouse lemurs vary adaptively with sex. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 286(1908), 20190863. doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.0863</p><p style="font-size:12px">22. Philippon, J., Serrano‐Martínez, E., &amp; Poirotte, C. (2021). Environmental and individual determinants of fecal avoidance in semi‐free ranging woolly monkeys ( Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii ). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. doi:10.1002/ajpa.24352</p><p style="font-size:12px">23. Garnick, S. W., Elgar, M. A., Beveridge, I., &amp; Coulson, G. (2009). Foraging efficiency and parasite risk in eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus). Behavioral Ecology, 21(1), 129–137. doi:10.1093/beheco/arp162</p><p style="font-size:12px">24. https://www.businessinsider.com/the-lion-king-trailer-disney-movie-wrong-animal-kingdom-lions-2019-4</p><p style="font-size:12px">25. Poirotte, C., &amp; Charpentier, M. J. E. (2023). Mother-to-daughter transmission of hygienic anti-parasite behaviour in mandrills. Proceedings. Biological sciences, 290(1992), 20222349. doi:10.1098/rspb.2022.2349</p><p style="font-size:12px">26. Schmidt, H. J., &amp; Beauchamp, G. K. (1988). Adult-Like Odor Preferences and Aversions in Three-Year-Old Children. Child Development, 59(4), 1136. doi:10.2307/1130280</p><p style="font-size:12px">27. https://www.biol.vt.edu/faculty/hawley/index.html</p><p style="font-size:12px">28. Bouwman, K. M., &amp; Hawley, D. M. (2010). Sickness behaviour acting as an evolutionary trap? Male house finches preferentially feed near diseased conspecifics. Biology letters, 6(4), 462–465. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0020</p><p style="font-size:12px">29. http://www.cecilesarabian.com/uploads/4/7/5/3/47534981/sarabian___macintosh_2015.pdf</p><p style="font-size:12px">30. Poirotte, C., &amp; Charpentier, M. J. E. (2020). Unconditional care from close maternal kin in the face of parasites. Biology Letters, 16(2), 20190869. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0869</p><p style="font-size:12px">31. Kavaliers, Martin, &amp; Elena Choleris. &#8220;The role of social cognition in parasite and pathogen avoidance.&#8221; Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373.1751 (2018): 20170206.</p><p style="font-size:12px">32. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/when-illness-strikes-vampire-bat-moms-will-still-socialize-their-kids-180974404/</p><p style="font-size:12px">33. Case, T. I., Repacholi, B. M., &amp; Stevenson, R. J. (2006). My baby doesn’t smell as bad as yours. Evolution and Human Behavior, 27(5), 357–365. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.03.003</p><p style="font-size:12px">34. Ezenwa, V. O. (2004). Selective Defecation and Selective Foraging: Antiparasite Behavior in Wild Ungulates? Ethology, 110(11), 851–862. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2004.01013.x</p><p style="font-size:12px">35. Conroy, T. E., &amp; Holman, L. (2022). Social immunity in the honey bee: do immune-challenged workers enter enforced or self-imposed exile? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 76(2). doi:10.1007/s00265-022-03139-z</p><p style="font-size:12px">36. Cremer S. (2019). Social immunity in insects. Current biology : CB, 29(11), R458–R463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.03.035</p><p style="font-size:12px">37. Meunier, J. (2015). Social immunity and the evolution of group living in insects. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 370(1669), 20140102–20140102. doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0102</p><p style="font-size:12px">38. Czaczkes, T. J., Heinze, J., &amp; Ruther, J. (2015). Nest Etiquette—Where Ants Go When Nature Calls. PLOS ONE, 10(2), e0118376. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118376</p><p style="font-size:12px">39. Singh, K., Muljadi, B. P., Raeini, A. Q., Jost, C., Vandeginste, V., Blunt, M. J., … Degond, P. (2019). The architectural design of smart ventilation and drainage systems in termite nests. Science Advances, 5(3). doi:10.1126/sciadv.aat8</p><p class="has-background" style="background-color:#e6e6e696;font-size:12px">作者：Katherine J. Wu&nbsp;|&nbsp;译者：Haojing&nbsp;| 审校：安静虫&nbsp;| 编辑：eggriel&nbsp;| 封面：Dana Jung&nbsp;|&nbsp;排版：骐迹&nbsp;| 原文：https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2023/02/animal-hygiene-behavior-germs-disgust-response/673005/</p><figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="632" src="https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-97-1024x632.png" alt="" class="wp-image-10004588" srcset="https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-97-1024x632.png 1024w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-97-770x476.png 770w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-97-385x238.png 385w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-97-20x12.png 20w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-97.png 1080w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure><figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="632" src="https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-98-1024x632.png" alt="" class="wp-image-10004589" srcset="https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-98-1024x632.png 1024w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-98-770x476.png 770w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-98-385x238.png 385w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-98-20x12.png 20w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-98.png 1080w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure><figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="632" src="https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-99-1024x632.png" alt="" class="wp-image-10004590" srcset="https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-99-1024x632.png 1024w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-99-770x476.png 770w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-99-385x238.png 385w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-99-20x12.png 20w, https://neu-reality.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/image-99.png 1080w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>]]></content:encoded>
					
					<wfw:commentRss>https://neu-reality.com/2023/05/disgust-evolution/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">10004582</post-id>	</item>
	</channel>
</rss>
